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Clean Cities Coalitions

Health Factors: Environmental Quality
Decision Makers: Government - Local
Evidence Rating: Insufficient Evidence
Population Reach: 20-49% of WI's population
Impact on Disparities: Likely to decrease disparities

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Description

Transportation sector and private vehicles are targeted. Goals are to replace petrol fuels with biofuels, increase energy efficiency & mass transit. Emissions can contribute to some cancers and aggravate cardiopulmonary conditions.

Evidence of Effectiveness

Mixed evidence. Transition to biofuels can reduce criteria emissions depending on implementation strategy, shift to alternative transportation (mass transit, bike & pedestrian) also contribute to reduced emissions. CTR-Wang 1998, Hill 2006, Haller 2007

Implementation Examples

United States

90 coalitions across the US. 17 states have coalitions that cover the entire state.

Wisconsin

WI SE-Area is the only site covered by a coalition. Current projects: (1) Clean Airport Partnership Program at General Mitchell Airport & (2) Expanding E85 refueling infrastructure in central and SE WI.

Citations - Evidence

CTR-Wang 1998 - Wang MQ. Fuel-cycle greenhouse gas emissions impacts of alternative transportation fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. Argonne: Center for Transportation Research (CTR); 1998. Accessed on June 23, 2012
Webpage: http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/11181-JK7bZw/webviewable/11181.pdf
Haller 2007* - Haller M, Welch E, Lin J, Fulla S. Economic costs and environmental impacts of alternative fuel vehicle fleets in local government: An interim assessment of a voluntary ten-year fleet conversion plan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2007;12(3):219-30. Accessed on June 19, 2012
Webpage: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=809207
Hill 2006 - Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S, Tiffany D. Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol benefits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 2006;103(30):11206-10. Accessed on June 20, 2012
Webpage: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/30/11206.full.pdf+html

* Journal subscription may be required for access.

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Health Factors

Health Behaviors
Tobacco Use
Diet & Exercise
Alcohol Use
Sexual Activity
 Clinical Care
Access to Care
Quality of Care
 Social & Economic Factors
Education
Employment
Income
Family & Social Support
Community Safety
 Physical Environment
Environmental Quality
Built Environment

Decision Makers

Businesses & Employers
Community Organizations
Government - Local
Government - State
Government - Federal
Healthcare Organizations
Individuals
Schools

Evidence Rating

Level of effectiveness based on a scan of academic literature and key recommendations of leading organizations.

  • Scientifically Supported Numerous studies or systematic review(s) with positive results
  • Some Evidence Research suggests positive impacts; further study may be warranted
  • Expert Opinion Recommended by credible groups*; research evidence limited
  • Insufficient Evidence Evidence limited or unavailable; further study warranted
  • Mixed Evidence Evidence mixed; further study warranted
  • Evidence of Ineffectiveness Research consistently shows program is detrimental or has no effect

Although many policies and programs are recommended by credible groups, we apply the rating ‘expert opinion’ only when policies are recommended but limited scientific evidence of effectiveness is available.

* The American Heritage Dictionary defines credible as 'capable of being believed; plausible.' and 'worthy of confidence; reliable.' To be considered an 'expert recommendation,' policies and programs must be recommended by one or more organizations that are recognized for their impartial expertise in the area of interest and have limited evidence available.

Potential Population Reach

Portion of Wisconsin's population likely to be reached by a policy or program if implemented statewide, based on its characteristics (e.g., target population(s), geographic limitations, and potential implementers).

<1%   20-49%
1-9%   50-99%
10-19%   100%

Potential Population Reach

Portion of Wisconsin's population likely to be reached by a policy or program if implemented statewide, based on its characteristics (e.g., target population(s), geographic limitations, and potential implementers).

<1%   20-49%
1-9%   50-99%
10-19%   100%

Potential Impact on Health Disparities

Likely impact of a given policy or program on racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, geographic or other disparities in Wisconsin based on its characteristics (e.g., target audience, mode of delivery, etc.) and best available evidence related to disparities.

  • Likely to decrease disparities
  • No impact on disparities likely
  • Likely to increase disparities